·A type of financial incentive that banks can offer to companies for reducing carbon emissions by closing a coal plant ahead of schedule While this does not pose much of a problem at the regional level for Indonesia with major regional grids operating with high reserve margins challenges may emerge at subregional levels if there is
·Coal mining is known for its contributions to climate change but its impacts on the environment and human lives near mine sites are less widely recognised This study integrates remote sensing GIS stakeholder interviews and extensive review of provincial data and documents to identify patterns of infringement risk and impact driven by coal mining
·Indonesian coal mining has a long history beginning in the nineteenth century During the Dutch colonial period small scale underground coal mines were developed and operated in mainly Kalimantan and Sumatera Fig After independence in 1947 coal mining continued on a smaller scale but was largely overlooked in the focus on developing the
3 ·Indonesia Natural Resources Agriculture Mining Indonesia has a large and in many cases unprospected variety of mineral deposits Mining including the extraction of oil and natural gas accounts for roughly one tenth of the country s GDP and through exports and taxation it contributes substantially to foreign exchange earnings and development The mining industry
· Properties of Coal Coal Classification Coal is classified into three major types namely anthracite bituminous and lignite However there is no clear demarcation between them and coal is also further classified as semi anthracite semi bituminous and sub bituminous Table GCV for Various Coals Parameter Lignite Indian Coal
·China was the only major producer that increased coal production in 2020 up by % Poland and Greece Production growth in Russia Indonesia India and Turkey recently peaked and is now negative Growth rate of major coal producers 2016 2020 Open Production dropped across all types of primary coal1 except anthracite which saw a slight
Types of coal Peat It is light brown in color and contains only 50 60% carbon It is the most inferior form of coal Lignite it contains more than 60% carbon It is brown in color and harder than peat Bituminous It has 90% 80% 70 75% carbon contents Bituminous coal is the most common variety of coal and is used as household coal
·Indonesia accounts for 8% of global production with the largest producers being China India Indonesia and Australia Exports of coal from Indonesia increased by 4% in 2023 over 2022 with the highest share being exported to India Indonesia s coal exports are expected to drop at a CAGR of % between 2023 and 2027
·Country Analysis Executive Summary Indonesia Last Updated September 24 2021 Overview Indonesia s 2020 petroleum and other liquids production totaled 887 000 barrels per day b/d accounting for approximately 1% of world production In 2020 Indonesia was the world s largest exporter of coal by weight1 and the seventh largest
·India are the major coal importer 6 Source BPS for 2010 2018 Arif I for 2019 IEA 2019 Indonesia coal resources are mainly consist of thermal/steam coal The reserve is concentrated in Kalimantan and Sumatera Potential of coking coal is unexplored yet To be more precise 96% of the coal reserves are located in only four out of 34
GCV BAND /Kg GRADE Exceeding 7000 G 1 Exceeding 6700 and not exceeding 7000 G 2 Exceeding 6400 and not exceeding 6700 G 3 Exceeding 6100 and not exceeding 6400
·There are more than 3025 coal mines in operation globally of which 160 are in Indonesia according to GlobalData s mines and projects database The following are the five largest coal mines by production in Indonesia in 2023 according to GlobalData s mining database which tracks more than 33 000 mines and projects from early exploration
·for rapid decline in global coal use to reach climate goals Major coal producers are increasing their output Energy security has moved further up the political agenda after the market disruptions sparked by the Covid19 pandemic and Russia s invasion of Ukraine For China and India domestic coal production has long been the cornerstone of
·The coal formation process involves the burial of peat which is made of partly decayed plant materials deep underground The heat and pressure of burial alters the texture and increases the carbon content of the peat which transforms it into coal a type of sedimentary rock This process takes millions of years Types or ranks of coal are determined by carbon
·Indonesia s exports of thermal coal surpassed 413 million metric tons over the first ten months of 2023 a new high cementing its status as the largest exporter of the high emission power fuel
·The production of coal in Indonesia had seen a steady rise over the past decade and reached almost 16 exajoules in 2023 Primary energy consumption in OECD countries 2019 2023 by fuel type;
·Different coal types are all minerals and rocks made largely of fossil fuel generates 40% of the world s electricity and about 25% of the world s primary not all coal used is the same; it comes in different quantity levels of carbon—which dictates the quality of the coal Higher quality coal produces less smoke burns
·Over 80% of the world s coal resources must remain below the ground if CO 2 emissions are to fall by 80% 95% to limit global warming to °C 1 2 Rapid phase out of coal is required among developed countries followed over the coming decades by developing countries 3 No new coal power plants should be built other than those that are currently under
Indonesia s strategic location and price advantage has made it a major exporter of low quality thermal coal to the major importing hubs primarily India China and South Korea Indonesia s coal exports fell sharply in 2020 mainly due to lower export demand amidst the COVID 19 crisis Indonesia coal production
·The FTB Project owned by Bayan Resources is a surface mine located in East Kalimantan The mine produced an estimated MTPA of coal in 2020 The mine will operate until 2055 5 Indominco Mandiri Mine Owned by Banpu the Indominco Mandiri Mine is a surface mine located in East Kalimantan It produced an estimated MTPA of coal in 2020
·Given Indonesia s abundant biomass resources co firing biomass presents an opportunity to reduce coal plant carbon emissions However the emissions profile of this strategy depends upon
Coal Coal is a black or brownish black rocky material with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons The four main types of coals are given below Peat It is a soft dark brown substance that contains 50% 60% Carbon content Lignite Soft coal It is brown in colour and the lowest quality of coal contain 60% 70% Carbon Household coal It is
